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Documents authored by Henriques, Pedro Rangel

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Henriques, Pedro Rangel

Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.12
Type Annotation for SAST

Authors: Marco Pereira, Alberto Simões, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 113, 12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023)

Abstract
Static Application Security Testing (SAST) is a type of software security testing that analyzes the source code of an application to identify security vulnerabilities and coding errors. It helps detect security vulnerabilities in software code before deployment reducing the risk of exploitation by attackers. The work presented in this document describes the work performed to upgrade Checkmarx’s SAST tool allowing the execution of vulnerability detection taking into account expression types. For this to be possible, every expression in the Document Object Model needs to have a specific type assigned accordingly to the kind of operation and to the different operand types. At the current stage, this project is already supporting the expression type annotation for three programming languages: C, C++ and C#. This support has been done through the addition of a new Resolver Rule to the Resolver stage, allowing for the generalization of languages. We also compare the complexity of writing vulnerability detection queries with or without access to type information.
Cite as

Marco Pereira, Alberto Simões, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Type Annotation for SAST. In 12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 113, pp. 12:1-12:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{pereira_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2023.12,
  author =	{Pereira, Marco and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Type Annotation for SAST}},
  booktitle =	{12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:13},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-291-4},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{113},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Ber\'{o}n, Mario Marcelo and Portela, Filipe},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-185261},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: Static Application Security Testing, Type Annotation, C, C++, C#}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.13
Characterization and Identification of Programming Languages

Authors: Júlio Alves, Alvaro Costa Neto, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 113, 12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023)

Abstract
This paper presents and discusses a research work whose main goal is to identify which characteristics influence the recognition and identification, by a programmer, of a programming language, specifically analysing a program source code and its linguistic style. In other words, the study that is described aims at answering the following questions: which grammatical elements - including lexical, syntactic, and semantic details - contribute the most for the characterization of a language? How many structural elements of a language may be modified without losing its identity? The long term objective of such research is to acquire new insights on the factors that can lead language engineers to design new programming languages that reduce the cognitive load of both learners and programmers. To elaborate on that subject, the paper starts with a brief explanation of programming languages fundamentals. Then, a list of the main syntactic characteristics of a set of programming languages, chosen for the study, is presented. Those characteristics outcome from the analysis we carried on at first phase of our project. To go deeper on the investigation we decided to collect and analyze the opinion of other programmers. So, the design of a survey to address that task is discussed. The answers obtained from the application of the questionnaire are analysed to present an overall picture of programming languages characteristics and their relative influence to their identification from the programmers’ perspective.
Cite as

Júlio Alves, Alvaro Costa Neto, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Characterization and Identification of Programming Languages. In 12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 113, pp. 13:1-13:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{alves_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2023.13,
  author =	{Alves, J\'{u}lio and Costa Neto, Alvaro and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Characterization and Identification of Programming Languages}},
  booktitle =	{12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:13},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-291-4},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{113},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Ber\'{o}n, Mario Marcelo and Portela, Filipe},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-185273},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: Programming Languages, Programming Language Characterization, Programming Language Design, Programming Language Identification}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.16
Romaria De Nª Srª D'Agonia: Building a Digital Repository and a Virtual Museum

Authors: Sara Cristina Freitas Queirós, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 113, 12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023)

Abstract
Romarias are Christian pilgrimages that occur in order to celebrate a specific saint. Romaria de Nª Srª d'Agonia (RNS Agonia, for short) occurs aimed at celebrating Nossa Senhora da Agonia, patron of all Fishermen, at Viana do Castelo, Portugal. RNS Agonia is a very old event that surely belongs to the Minho’s Cultural Heritage. There are many written documents, of various types, that describe the event; so, their digital preservation is mandatory. However, digital preservation is not restricted to a database of digital images obtained by scanning the documents. In this paper we are concerned with digital repositories of XML-based annotated documents from which we can extract automatically data to build a virtual museum that helps on disseminating information about RNS Agonia. Such a Web resource is crucial to support people wishing to know more about that pilgrimage, and also as a booster for tourism. The paper describes the different stages of this project, including the documents annotation process, data extraction mechanisms, the creation of a triple storage to archive the knowledge built from the sources analyzed, and the virtual museum implementation. The methodological approach devised for the project under discussion is based on the creation of an ontology that describes the RNS Agonia domain completely. The idea is to define the XML dialect, to be used in the annotation, from the ontology. Moreover the ontology will also lead the definition of the triple store used to set up the knowledge base that feeds the museum.
Cite as

Sara Cristina Freitas Queirós, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Romaria De Nª Srª D'Agonia: Building a Digital Repository and a Virtual Museum. In 12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 113, pp. 16:1-16:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{queiros_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2023.16,
  author =	{Queir\'{o}s, Sara Cristina Freitas and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Romaria De Nª Srª D'Agonia: Building a Digital Repository and a Virtual Museum}},
  booktitle =	{12th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2023)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:16},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-291-4},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{113},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Ber\'{o}n, Mario Marcelo and Portela, Filipe},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-185306},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2023.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Ontology, XML, Romaria, Pilgrimage, Digital Knowledge Repository, Triple Storage Database, Virtual Museum}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.3
LCSMAR, an AR Based Tool to Inspect Imperative Programs

Authors: Luis Carlos Martins, Lázaro Vinicius Lima, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 112, 4th International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2023)

Abstract
LCSMAR is a Learning Resource that takes advantage of Augmented Reality in order to promote the development of Computational Thinking among students who are starting to dive in to the world of computer programming. Students can write code in a imperative programming language and, with the help of their mobile phone, they can visualize and analyze the execution of the code they developed, seeing how variable and data structures change over time with each instruction. Augmented Reality tools allow the visualization of abstract concepts that are often misunderstood and that cause misconception among students, which in term should help students develop the abilities to understand and use these abstract concepts, such as data structures, in other areas of application.
Cite as

Luis Carlos Martins, Lázaro Vinicius Lima, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. LCSMAR, an AR Based Tool to Inspect Imperative Programs. In 4th International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 112, pp. 3:1-3:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{martins_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.3,
  author =	{Martins, Luis Carlos and Lima, L\'{a}zaro Vinicius and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{LCSMAR, an AR Based Tool to Inspect Imperative Programs}},
  booktitle =	{4th International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2023)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-290-7},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{112},
  editor =	{Peixoto de Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo Alexandre and Teixeira Pinto, M\'{a}rio Paulo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-184994},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Augmented Reality, Learning Resources, Computer Programming, Computational Thinking}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.9
NLP/AI Based Techniques for Programming Exercises Generation

Authors: Tiago Carvalho Freitas, Alvaro Costa Neto, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 112, 4th International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2023)

Abstract
This paper focuses on the enhancement of computer programming exercises generation to the benefit of both students and teachers. By exploring Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) methods for automatic generation of text and source code, it is possible to semi-automatically construct programming exercises, aiding teachers to reduce redundant work and more easily apply active learning methodologies. This would not only allow them to still play a leading role in the teaching-learning process, but also provide students a better and more interactive learning experience. If embedded in a widely accessible website, an exercises generator with these Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods might be used directly by students, in order to obtain randomised lists of exercises for their own study, at their own time. The emergence of new and increasingly powerful technologies, such as the ones utilised by ChatGPT, raises the discussion about their use for exercise generation. Albeit highly capable, monetary and computational costs are still obstacles for wider adoption, as well as the possibility of incorrect results. This paper describes the characteristics and behaviour of several ML models applied and trained for text and code generation and their use to generate computer programming exercises. Finally, an analysis based on correctness and coherence of the resulting exercise statements and complementary source codes generated/produced is presented, and the role that this type of technology can play in a programming exercise automatic generation system is discussed.
Cite as

Tiago Carvalho Freitas, Alvaro Costa Neto, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. NLP/AI Based Techniques for Programming Exercises Generation. In 4th International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2023). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 112, pp. 9:1-9:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{freitas_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.9,
  author =	{Freitas, Tiago Carvalho and Costa Neto, Alvaro and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{NLP/AI Based Techniques for Programming Exercises Generation}},
  booktitle =	{4th International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2023)},
  pages =	{9:1--9:12},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-290-7},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{112},
  editor =	{Peixoto de Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo Alexandre and Teixeira Pinto, M\'{a}rio Paulo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.9},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-185058},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2023.9},
  annote =	{Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Computer Programming Education, Exercises Generation, Text Generation, Code Generation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.7
EWVM, a Web Virtual Machine to Support Code Generation in Compiler Courses

Authors: Sofia Teixeira, José Carlos Ramalho, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 104, 11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022)

Abstract
This paper describes a project which goal is to analyze and model a complete Virtual stack Machine (VM) environment and build a Web application with a graphical interface to deploy an environment to compile and execute VM programs. The new tool offers two main features: assembles and reports errors in programs written in the assembly language of the Virtual Machine; and animates the execution of the compiled code, displaying the internal state of the VM and providing an interface to control the execution step-by-step. In the paper, after discussing related concepts and works, a proposal to build such a tool, so far called EWVM, will be presented along the architecture drawn. A prototype will be shown, and its impact as an educational tool is argued.
Cite as

Sofia Teixeira, José Carlos Ramalho, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. EWVM, a Web Virtual Machine to Support Code Generation in Compiler Courses. In 11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 104, pp. 7:1-7:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{teixeira_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2022.7,
  author =	{Teixeira, Sofia and Ramalho, Jos\'{e} Carlos and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{EWVM, a Web Virtual Machine to Support Code Generation in Compiler Courses}},
  booktitle =	{11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-245-7},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{104},
  editor =	{Cordeiro, Jo\~{a}o and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o and Rodrigues, Nuno F. and Pais, Sebasti\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-167535},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Virtual Machine, Stack Machine, Assembler, Debugger, Compiler, Code Generation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.8
OMT, a Web-Based Tool for Ontology Matching

Authors: João Rodrigues Gomes, Alda Lopes Gançarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 104, 11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022)

Abstract
In recent years ontologies have become an integral part of storing information in a structured and formal manner and a way of sharing said information. With this rise in usage, it was only a matter of time before different people wrote distinct ontologies to represent the same knowledge domain. The area of Ontology Matching was created with the purpose of finding correspondences between different ontologies that represented information in the same domain area. This paper starts with a study of already existing ontology matching methods in order to understand the existing techniques, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Then, we propose an approach and an architecture to develop a new web-based tool using the knowledge acquired during the bibliographic research. The paper also includes the presentation of a prototype of the proposed tool, called OMT.
Cite as

João Rodrigues Gomes, Alda Lopes Gançarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. OMT, a Web-Based Tool for Ontology Matching. In 11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 104, pp. 8:1-8:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{gomes_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2022.8,
  author =	{Gomes, Jo\~{a}o Rodrigues and Gan\c{c}arski, Alda Lopes and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{OMT, a Web-Based Tool for Ontology Matching}},
  booktitle =	{11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:12},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-245-7},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{104},
  editor =	{Cordeiro, Jo\~{a}o and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o and Rodrigues, Nuno F. and Pais, Sebasti\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-167547},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: Ontology, Ontology Matching, Ontology Alignment}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.16
Determining Programming Languages Complexity and Its Impact on Processing

Authors: Gonçalo Rodrigues Pinto, Pedro Rangel Henriques, Daniela da Cruz, and João Cruz

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 104, 11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022)

Abstract
Tools for Programming Languages processing, like Static Analysers (for instance, a Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tool), must be adapted to cope with a different input when the source programming language changes. Complexity of the programming language is one of the key factors that deeply impact the time of giving support to it. This paper aims at proposing an approach for assessing language complexity, measuring, at a first stage, the complexity of its underlying context-free grammar (CFG). From the analysis of concrete case studies, factors have been identified that make the support process more time-consuming, in particular in the stages of language recognition and in the transformation to an abstract syntax tree (AST). In this sense, at a second stage, a set of language characteristics is analysed in order to take into account the referred factors that also impact on the language processing. The principal goal of the project here reported is to help development teams to improve the estimation of time and effort needed to cope with a new programming language. In the paper a tool is proposed, and its prototype is presented, that allows the evaluation of the complexity of a language based on a set of metrics to classify the complexity of its grammar, along with a set of properties. The tool compares the new language complexity so far determined with previously supported languages, to predict the effort to process the new language.
Cite as

Gonçalo Rodrigues Pinto, Pedro Rangel Henriques, Daniela da Cruz, and João Cruz. Determining Programming Languages Complexity and Its Impact on Processing. In 11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 104, pp. 16:1-16:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{pinto_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2022.16,
  author =	{Pinto, Gon\c{c}alo Rodrigues and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and da Cruz, Daniela and Cruz, Jo\~{a}o},
  title =	{{Determining Programming Languages Complexity and Its Impact on Processing}},
  booktitle =	{11th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2022)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-245-7},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{104},
  editor =	{Cordeiro, Jo\~{a}o and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o and Rodrigues, Nuno F. and Pais, Sebasti\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-167620},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2022.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Complexity, Grammar, Language-based-Tool, Programming Language, Static code analysis}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2022.1
Value-Focused Investigation into Programming Languages Affinity

Authors: Alvaro Costa Neto, Cristiana Araújo, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 102, Third International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2022)

Abstract
The search for better techniques to teach computer programming is paramount in order to improve the students' learning experiences. Several approaches have been proposed throughout the years, usually through technical solutions such as evaluation systems, digital classrooms, interactive lessons and so on. Personal factors, such as affinity, have been largely unexplored due to their qualitative and abstract nature. The results of a preliminary survey on how and why affinity is created between programmers and their favorite languages, conducted on a master’s degree class at Universidade do Minho, showed unexpected results as to which languages became favorites and the possible reasons for the students' choices. Aiming at further exploration on this topic and continuation of this research, the Value-Focused Thinking method was applied in order to construct a more complex, in-depth survey. This value-oriented method kept focus under control and even raised a handful of opportunities to improve the research as a whole. This paper describes the Value-Focused Thinking method and how it was applied to construct a new and deeper computer programming education survey to understand affinity with languages.
Cite as

Alvaro Costa Neto, Cristiana Araújo, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Value-Focused Investigation into Programming Languages Affinity. In Third International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2022). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 102, pp. 1:1-1:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{costaneto_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2022.1,
  author =	{Costa Neto, Alvaro and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Value-Focused Investigation into Programming Languages Affinity}},
  booktitle =	{Third International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2022)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:12},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-229-7},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{102},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Silva, Jo\~{a}o Carlos},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2022.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-166051},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2022.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computer Programming, Programming Languages, Affinity, Education, Learning, Value-Focused Thinking}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.4
Lyntax - A grammar-Based Tool for Linguistics

Authors: Manuel Gouveia Carneiro de Sousa, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 94, 10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021)

Abstract
This paper is focused on using the formalism of attribute grammars to create a tool that allows Linguistic teachers to construct automatically their own processors totally adapted to each linguistic exercise. The system developed, named Lyntax, is a compiler for a domain specific language which intends to enable the teacher to specify different kinds of sentence structures, and then, ask the student to test his own sentences against those structures. The processor Lyntax validates the grammar (DSL program) written by the teacher, generating a processor every time the student defines a new sentence. For that ANTLR is used in both steps, generating not only the specialized processor but also the visualization of the syntax tree for analysis purposes. An interface that supports the specification of the language was built, also allowing the use of the processor and the generation of the specific grammar, abstracting the user of any calculations.
Cite as

Manuel Gouveia Carneiro de Sousa, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Lyntax - A grammar-Based Tool for Linguistics. In 10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 94, pp. 4:1-4:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{desousa_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2021.4,
  author =	{de Sousa, Manuel Gouveia Carneiro and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Lyntax - A grammar-Based Tool for Linguistics}},
  booktitle =	{10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:13},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-202-0},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{94},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Portela, Filipe and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144213},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Attribute Grammars, Linguistic Rules, Pedagogical Linguistic Tools}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.14
Using Machine Learning for Vulnerability Detection and Classification

Authors: Tiago Baptista, Nuno Oliveira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 94, 10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021)

Abstract
The work described in this paper aims at developing a machine learning based tool for automatic identification of vulnerabilities on programs (source, high level code), that uses an abstract syntax tree representation. It is based on FastScan, using code2seq approach. Fastscan is a recently developed system aimed capable of detecting vulnerabilities in source code using machine learning techniques. Nevertheless, FastScan is not able of identifying the vulnerability type. In the presented work the main goal is to go further and develop a method to identify specific types of vulnerabilities. As will be shown, the goal will be achieved by optimizing the model’s hyperparameters, changing the method of preprocessing the input data and developing an architecture that brings together multiple models to predict different specific vulnerabilities. The preliminary results obtained from the training stage, are very promising. The best f1 metric obtained is 93% resulting in a precision of 90% and accuracy of 85%, according to the performed tests and regarding a trained model to predict vulnerabilities of the injection type.
Cite as

Tiago Baptista, Nuno Oliveira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Using Machine Learning for Vulnerability Detection and Classification. In 10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 94, pp. 14:1-14:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{baptista_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2021.14,
  author =	{Baptista, Tiago and Oliveira, Nuno and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Using Machine Learning for Vulnerability Detection and Classification}},
  booktitle =	{10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:14},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-202-0},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{94},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Portela, Filipe and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144315},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Vulnerability Detection, Source Code Analysis, Machine Learning}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.15
NetLangEd, A Web Editor to Support Online Comment Annotation

Authors: Rui Rodrigues, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 94, 10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021)

Abstract
This paper focuses on the scientific areas of Digital Humanities, Social Networks and Inappropriate Social Discourse. The main objective of this research project is the development of an editor that allows researchers in the human and social sciences or psychologists to add their reflections or ideas out coming from reading and analyzing posts and comments of an online corpus . In the present context, the editor is being integrated with the analysis tools available in the NetLang platform. NetLangEd, in addition to allowing the three basic operations of adding, editing and removing annotations, will also offer mechanisms to manage, organize, view and locate annotations, all of which will be performed in an easy, fast and user-friendly way.
Cite as

Rui Rodrigues, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. NetLangEd, A Web Editor to Support Online Comment Annotation. In 10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 94, pp. 15:1-15:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{rodrigues_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2021.15,
  author =	{Rodrigues, Rui and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{NetLangEd, A Web Editor to Support Online Comment Annotation}},
  booktitle =	{10th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2021)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:16},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-202-0},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{94},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Portela, Filipe and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144325},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2021.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Online Annotation tool, Document Markup System, Text Editor, Discourse Analysis}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021
OASIcs, Volume 91, ICPEC 2021, Complete Volume

Authors: Pedro Rangel Henriques, Filipe Portela, Ricardo Queirós, and Alberto Simões

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 91, Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)

Abstract
OASIcs, Volume 91, ICPEC 2021, Complete Volume
Cite as

Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 91, pp. 1-202, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@Proceedings{henriques_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2021,
  title =	{{OASIcs, Volume 91, ICPEC 2021, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)},
  pages =	{1--202},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-194-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{91},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142156},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021},
  annote =	{Keywords: OASIcs, Volume 91, ICPEC 2021, Complete Volume}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Pedro Rangel Henriques, Filipe Portela, Ricardo Queirós, and Alberto Simões

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 91, Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 91, pp. 0:i-0:xvi, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{henriques_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.0,
  author =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:xvi},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-194-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{91},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142163},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.3
Programmers' Affinity to Languages

Authors: Alvaro Costa Neto, Cristiana Araújo, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 91, Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)

Abstract
Students face several challenges when learning computer programming languages, a central topic to acquire programming skills. While those challenges that present a predominantly technical nature have been intensely studied by researchers along the years, the ones that are concerned with qualitative, and personal aspects have not. Affinity to a programming language is one of the many personal factors that may contribute to surpass these qualitative aspects that describe the difficulties that students face. From this point-of-view, this paper presents a proposal for treating and studying programmers' affinity to programming languages as an important factor for learning computer programming. It also reports a preliminary questionnaire conducted on a master’s degree class at Universidade do Minho that showed that affinity may have a broader relation to learning computer programming than anticipated. Finally, a set of relevant questions are stated to compose a future inquiry aimed at deepening the knowledge on the affinity between programmers and languages, paving the way for following research.
Cite as

Alvaro Costa Neto, Cristiana Araújo, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Programmers' Affinity to Languages. In Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 91, pp. 3:1-3:7, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{costaneto_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.3,
  author =	{Costa Neto, Alvaro and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Programmers' Affinity to Languages}},
  booktitle =	{Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:7},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-194-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{91},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142192},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computer programming, Programming Languages, Affinity, Education, Learning}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.4
Melodic - Teaching Computational Thinking to Visually Impaired Kids

Authors: Rui Costa, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 91, Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)

Abstract
This paper presents a proposal, called Melodic, to develop Computational Thinking skills in kids with special educational needs, in this case blindness. The aim of this research is to characterize the subject and identify what are the current most used and best practises to teach this different way of Thinking to kids under those circumstances. In this paper more technical aspects are discussed, such as the architecture for the proposed application in order to accomplish the project goals. Melodic was carefully designed to have an intuitive interface for blind people and a seamless workflow, combining tactile hardware, and QR Code technology with a sound based output.
Cite as

Rui Costa, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Melodic - Teaching Computational Thinking to Visually Impaired Kids. In Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 91, pp. 4:1-4:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{costa_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.4,
  author =	{Costa, Rui and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Melodic - Teaching Computational Thinking to Visually Impaired Kids}},
  booktitle =	{Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:14},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-194-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{91},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142205},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computational Thinking, Visual Impaired Students Education, Teaching through Music, Learning Resource}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.6
Integrating a Graph Builder into Python Tutor

Authors: Diogo Soares, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 91, Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)

Abstract
Analysing unknown source code to comprehend it is quite hard and expensive task. Therefore, the Program Comprehension (PC) subject has always been an area of interest as it helps to realize how a program works by identifying the code that implements each functionality. This means being able to map the problem domain with the program domain. PC is a complex area, but its importance for programmers is so high that many approaches and tools were proposed along the last two decades. Program Animation is one of those approaches requiring specialized techniques. For each programming language, there are already tools that enable us to execute a program step by step, visualize its execution path, observe the effect of each instruction on its data structures, and inspect the value of its variables at any point. In the present context, we sustain the idea that PC techniques and tools can also be of great value for students taking the first steps in programming using a specific language. To this end, we aim to improve Python Tutor, a well-known program visualization tool, with graph-based representations of source code such as Control Flow Graph (CFG), Data Flow Graph (DFG), Function Call Graph (FCG) and System Control Graph (SCG). This helps novice programmers to understand the source code analyzing not only the variable contents but also a set of automatically generated graph-based visualizations, that were not included in Python Tutor so far. This will allow the students to be focused on certain aspects of the program (depending on the graph), abstracting others such as details of its syntax.
Cite as

Diogo Soares, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Integrating a Graph Builder into Python Tutor. In Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 91, pp. 6:1-6:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{soares_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.6,
  author =	{Soares, Diogo and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Integrating a Graph Builder into Python Tutor}},
  booktitle =	{Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-194-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{91},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142221},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: Program Visualization, Python Tutor, Data Flow Graphs, Control Flow Graphs}
}
Document
Short Paper
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.14
SHREWS: A Game with Augmented Reality for Training Computational Thinking (Short Paper)

Authors: Francisco Saraiva, Lázaro V. O. Lima, Cristiana Araújo, Luis Gonzaga Magalhães, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 91, Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)

Abstract
This paper proposes a game to help young students training Computational Thinking (CT) skills to aid in solving problems. CT is a problem-solving approach based on picking a complex problem, understand what the problem is, and develop solutions in a way that a computer or human could solve. To help in this task, Augmented Reality(AR) will provide a more engaging visual way of interaction to keep students motivated while they search for solving problems. This benefit is a consequence of the AR capability of providing a visual and dynamic representation of abstract concepts. This work investigates AR and CT concepts and the best way of combining them for training student’s skills to understand software and its effects. Thus, these concepts will be explored for the construction of learning activities to explain and create analogies to understand complex concepts related to computer programs. So the focus of the paper is the introduction of Shrews, the game created in this context. The principle and the proposed architecture are detailed. At the end, there is a description of how the game works and the current state of the prototype. We believe that the immersive experience using AR and CT concepts is one of the important aspects of the game to maintain a motivational approach to students. An exploratory prototype is created to explore the topic of teaching CT skills via playing a video game.
Cite as

Francisco Saraiva, Lázaro V. O. Lima, Cristiana Araújo, Luis Gonzaga Magalhães, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. SHREWS: A Game with Augmented Reality for Training Computational Thinking (Short Paper). In Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 91, pp. 14:1-14:10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{saraiva_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.14,
  author =	{Saraiva, Francisco and Lima, L\'{a}zaro V. O. and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Magalh\~{a}es, Luis Gonzaga and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{SHREWS: A Game with Augmented Reality for Training Computational Thinking}},
  booktitle =	{Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:10},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-194-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{91},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142309},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Augmented Reality, Computational Thinking, Learning Activity, Game}
}
Document
Short Paper
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.15
Understanding Effects of the Algorithm Visualized with AR Techniques (Short Paper)

Authors: Lázaro V. O. Lima, Manuel Sousa, Luis Gonzaga Magalhães, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 91, Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)

Abstract
We create analogies to understand and visualize complex concepts. Such approach, based on analogies are presentation of software, is also effective when it concerns software comprehension. Many visualization techniques for data structures have been developed in 2D and 3D to improve the visual representation of large structures. A common challenge faced by developers that want to implement these techniques is to increase the amount of information to be displayed in each node seeking a balance between quantity and visibility. To overcome these challenges, this article presents a visualization technique using Augmented Reality to display hierarchical structures and understand the effects of the algorithm in data structures. The visualization system based on AR, proposed and discussed along the paper, allows the user to interact and navigate through the structure, enabling him to explore information in depth.
Cite as

Lázaro V. O. Lima, Manuel Sousa, Luis Gonzaga Magalhães, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Understanding Effects of the Algorithm Visualized with AR Techniques (Short Paper). In Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 91, pp. 15:1-15:10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{lima_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.15,
  author =	{Lima, L\'{a}zaro V. O. and Sousa, Manuel and Magalh\~{a}es, Luis Gonzaga and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Understanding Effects of the Algorithm Visualized with AR Techniques}},
  booktitle =	{Second International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2021)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:10},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-194-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{91},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Portela, Filipe and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-142312},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2021.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Augmented Reality, Learning Resource, Data Visualization, Syntax Tree Visualization}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020
OASIcs, Volume 83, SLATE 2020, Complete Volume

Authors: Alberto Simões, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Ricardo Queirós

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 83, 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)

Abstract
OASIcs, Volume 83, SLATE 2020, Complete Volume
Cite as

9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 83, pp. 1-218, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@Proceedings{simoes_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2020,
  title =	{{OASIcs, Volume 83, SLATE 2020, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)},
  pages =	{1--218},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-165-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-130124},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020},
  annote =	{Keywords: OASIcs, Volume 83, SLATE 2020, Complete Volume}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Alberto Simões, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Ricardo Queirós

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 83, 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 83, pp. 0:i-0:xii, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{simoes_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2020.0,
  author =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:xii},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-165-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-130134},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.2
Detection of Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts Specifications in Ethereum Platforms

Authors: Mauro C. Argañaraz, Mario M. Berón, Maria J. Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 83, 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)

Abstract
Ethereum is the principal ecosystem based on blockchain that provides a suitable environment for coding and executing smart contracts, which have been receiving great attention due to the commercial apps and among the scientific community. The process of writing secure and well performing contracts in the Ethereum platform is a major challenge for developers. It consists of the application of non-conventional programming paradigms due to the inherent characteristics of the execution of distributed computing programs. Furthermore, the errors in the deployed contracts could have serious consequences because of the immediate linkage between the contract code and the financial transactions. The direct handling of the assets means that the errors can be more relevant for security and have greater economic consequences than a mistake in the conventional apps. In this paper, we propose a tool for the detection of vulnerabilities in high-level languages based on automatized static analysis.
Cite as

Mauro C. Argañaraz, Mario M. Berón, Maria J. Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Detection of Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts Specifications in Ethereum Platforms. In 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 83, pp. 2:1-2:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{arganaraz_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2020.2,
  author =	{Arga\~{n}araz, Mauro C. and Ber\'{o}n, Mario M. and Varanda Pereira, Maria J. and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Detection of Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts Specifications in Ethereum Platforms}},
  booktitle =	{9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)},
  pages =	{2:1--2:16},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-165-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.2},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-130154},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.2},
  annote =	{Keywords: blockchain, ethereum, smart contract, solidity, static analysis, verification}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.4
BhTSL, Behavior Trees Specification and Processing

Authors: Miguel Oliveira, Pedro Mimoso Silva, Pedro Moura, José João Almeida, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 83, 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)

Abstract
In the context of game development, there is always the need for describing behaviors for various entities, whether NPCs or even the world itself. That need requires a formalism to describe properly such behaviors. As the gaming industry has been growing, many approaches were proposed. First, finite state machines were used and evolved to hierarchical state machines. As that formalism was not enough, a more powerful concept appeared. Instead of using states for describing behaviors, people started to use tasks. This concept was incorporated in behavior trees. This paper focuses in the specification and processing of Behavior Trees. A DSL designed for that purpose will be introduced. It will also be discussed a generator that produces LaTeX diagrams to document the trees, and a Python module to implement the behavior described. Additionally, a simulator will be presented. These achievements will be illustrated using a concrete game as a case study.
Cite as

Miguel Oliveira, Pedro Mimoso Silva, Pedro Moura, José João Almeida, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. BhTSL, Behavior Trees Specification and Processing. In 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 83, pp. 4:1-4:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{oliveira_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2020.4,
  author =	{Oliveira, Miguel and Silva, Pedro Mimoso and Moura, Pedro and Almeida, Jos\'{e} Jo\~{a}o and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{BhTSL, Behavior Trees Specification and Processing}},
  booktitle =	{9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:13},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-165-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-130174},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Game development, Behavior trees (BT), NPC, DSL, Code generation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.8
Development of Q&A Systems Using AcQA

Authors: Renato Preigschadt de Azevedo, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 83, 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)

Abstract
In order to help the user to search for relevant information, Question and Answering (Q&A) Systems provide the possibility to formulate the question freely in a natural language, retrieving the most appropriate and concise answers. These systems interpret the user question to understand his information needs and return him the more adequate replies in a semantic sense; they do not perform a statistical word search like happens in the existing search engines. There are several approaches to developing and deploying Q&A Systems, making it hard to choose the best way to build the system. To turn easier this process, we are proposing a way to automatically create Q&A Systems (AcQA) based on DSLs, thus allowing the setup and the validation of the Q&A System independent of the implementation techniques. With our proposal (AcQA language), we want the developers to focus on the data and contents, instead of implementation details. We conducted an experiment to assess the feasibility of using AcQA. The study was carried out with people from the computer science field and shows that our language simplifies the development of a Q&A System.
Cite as

Renato Preigschadt de Azevedo, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Development of Q&A Systems Using AcQA. In 9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 83, pp. 8:1-8:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{deazevedo_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2020.8,
  author =	{de Azevedo, Renato Preigschadt and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Development of Q\&A Systems Using AcQA}},
  booktitle =	{9th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2020)},
  pages =	{8:1--8:15},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-165-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{83},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.8},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-130216},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2020.8},
  annote =	{Keywords: Question \& Answering, DSL, Natural Language Processing}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.11
Scaling up a Programmers' Profile Tool

Authors: Martinho Aragão, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 74, 8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019)

Abstract
The style of programming, the proficiency on the programming language, the conciseness of the solution, the use of comments and so on, allow comparison of programmers through static analysis of their code. The Programmer Profiler Tool, which has been commonly named PP Tool, is an open source profiling tool for Java language where the programmer’s ability can be classified in one out of five possible profiles and the distinction among them falls upon the levels of both skill and readability. Taking a set of correct solutions the comparison between solutions for the same problems is fundamental to evaluate proficiency on the analysed criteria. As such, there was a need to tune the tool in order to handle, simultaneously, with a bigger amount of programs and with a wider scope of solutions. By scaling up PP Tool it will be possible to apply it in a far wider scope of situations as it will be able to cope with programmers from different geographies, with or without formal education, between 1 and 20 years of experience amongst other factors. For that, a set of features were implemented and tested and are described in this paper.
Cite as

Martinho Aragão, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Scaling up a Programmers' Profile Tool. In 8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 74, pp. 11:1-11:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{aragao_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2019.11,
  author =	{Arag\~{a}o, Martinho and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Scaling up a Programmers' Profile Tool}},
  booktitle =	{8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-114-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{74},
  editor =	{Rodrigues, Ricardo and Janou\v{s}ek, Jan and Ferreira, Lu{\'\i}s and Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa and Batista, Fernando and Gon\c{c}alo Oliveira, Hugo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-108781},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: Programmers Profiling, Code Analysis, Programming Skills, Code Readability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.15
Digital Collection Creator, Visualizer and Explorer

Authors: Luís F. Martins, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 74, 8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019)

Abstract
In this paper we introduce and discuss a recent project, called CortaColaEspia, aimed at extending with some extra relevant features the 'Ontology-based Collection Processor' developed previously in the context of a Compilers course. The basic processor, based on the OntoDL tool, was able to read the ontological description of a small collection of objects (cards, pencils, toys, etc.) and produce automatically a web-based exhibition space to display the objects, providing a conceptual navigation through them. The extension under discussion is intended to create a new DSL to describe the details of the exhibition room organization (what concepts and relations to show; where and how to show them; etc.). A second objective consists of a new module to merge two collections, or to enrich a collection with extra information about the collected objects. The last requirement is the incorporation of a natural language processor to analyze the objects' captions or short inscriptions in order to extract information that can create knowledge about a specific domain, a society or an epoch.
Cite as

Luís F. Martins, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Digital Collection Creator, Visualizer and Explorer. In 8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 74, pp. 15:1-15:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{martins_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2019.15,
  author =	{Martins, Lu{\'\i}s F. and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Digital Collection Creator, Visualizer and Explorer}},
  booktitle =	{8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-114-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{74},
  editor =	{Rodrigues, Ricardo and Janou\v{s}ek, Jan and Ferreira, Lu{\'\i}s and Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa and Batista, Fernando and Gon\c{c}alo Oliveira, Hugo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-108829},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Digital Collections, Ontology, DSL, Program Generation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.16
Urban Evolution of Fafe in the Last Two Centuries

Authors: João Filipe C. Lameiras, Mónica Guimarães, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 74, 8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019)

Abstract
Human Beings love to collect, store and preserve documents for later exploration leading to the creation of Archives. Actually, to consult municipal archives' asset, seeking information in order to explore the knowledge implicit in their documents, is the main reason for the existence of those memory institutions. On the other hand, it is known that the movement of people from dispersed living to concentration in urban environments has a strong impact both in human civilization and in the environment. This statement motivates Social Science researchers to study of urban evolution of cities. In this context and having noticed that Fafe’s Archive holds an important collection of municipal records (since XIX Century) concerning the application for authorization to construct or reconstruct private or public buildings, it came up to our minds to create a digital repository with those documents enabling their analysis. An information system shall be developed around it for information retrieval and knowledge exploration; it is also desirable that this application provides features to visualize the information extracted in convenient ways, like positioning buildings over a map. This paper discusses the development of the referred Web-based system to study the Urban Evolution of Fafe in the XIX and XX Centuries, focussing on the ontology created to understand the domain to be explored. The definition of a markup language (as a XML dialect), to annotate the Archive documents in order to enable the automatic data extraction and the semantic search, is also one of the paper topics. It will be discussed that this annotation was not defined from the scratch; instead, its design followed the ontology. It is actually an ontology-driven system. At last, the state of the Web interface (the system front-end) so far developed will be presented.
Cite as

João Filipe C. Lameiras, Mónica Guimarães, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Urban Evolution of Fafe in the Last Two Centuries. In 8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 74, pp. 16:1-16:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{lameiras_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2019.16,
  author =	{Lameiras, Jo\~{a}o Filipe C. and Guimar\~{a}es, M\'{o}nica and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Urban Evolution of Fafe in the Last Two Centuries}},
  booktitle =	{8th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2019)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-114-6},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{74},
  editor =	{Rodrigues, Ricardo and Janou\v{s}ek, Jan and Ferreira, Lu{\'\i}s and Coheur, Lu{\'\i}sa and Batista, Fernando and Gon\c{c}alo Oliveira, Hugo},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-108836},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2019.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Urban Evolution, Urban Research, Urban morphology, Ontology, XML}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018
OASIcs, Volume 62, SLATE'18, Complete Volume

Authors: Pedro Rangel Henriques, José Paulo Leal, António Leitão, and Xavier Gómez Guinovart

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 62, 7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)

Abstract
OASIcs, Volume 62, SLATE'18, Complete Volume
Cite as

7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 62, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@Proceedings{henriques_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2018,
  title =	{{OASIcs, Volume 62, SLATE'18, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-072-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{62},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Leit\~{a}o, Ant\'{o}nio Menezes and Guinovart, Xavier G\'{o}mez},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-92790},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computing methodologies, Natural language processing, Software and its engineering, Compilers, Information systems, World Wide Web}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Pedro Rangel Henriques, José Paulo Leal, António Menezes Leitão, and Xavier Gómez Guinovart

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 62, 7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 62, pp. 0:i-0:xiv, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{henriques_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2018.0,
  author =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Leit\~{a}o, Ant\'{o}nio Menezes and Guinovart, Xavier G\'{o}mez},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:xiv},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-072-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{62},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Leit\~{a}o, Ant\'{o}nio Menezes and Guinovart, Xavier G\'{o}mez},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-92582},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
Short Paper
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.10
CaVa: Virtual Learning Spaces Formal Specification (Short Paper)

Authors: Ricardo Giuliani Martini and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 62, 7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)

Abstract
In the context of Cultural Heritage, memory institutions build exhibition rooms to expose their assets and disseminate knowledge through these learning spaces. CaVa project aims at facilitating the process of learning spaces construction on the web to implement virtual museums. This paper presents CaVa^DSL, an external Domain-Specific Language (DSL) designed to specify virtual Learning Spaces enabling their automatic generation. To introduce CaVa^DSL language, the paper runs a case study, Museu Virtual Interativo da Fotografia (MVIF), presenting the specification for the museum's exhibiting rooms and their final layout. The process that analyzes and transforms the formal specification into the virtual Learning Spaces is briefly described to present the core engine of CaVa platform.
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Ricardo Giuliani Martini and Pedro Rangel Henriques. CaVa: Virtual Learning Spaces Formal Specification (Short Paper). In 7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 62, pp. 10:1-10:10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{martini_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2018.10,
  author =	{Martini, Ricardo Giuliani and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{CaVa: Virtual Learning Spaces Formal Specification}},
  booktitle =	{7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:10},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-072-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{62},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Leit\~{a}o, Ant\'{o}nio Menezes and Guinovart, Xavier G\'{o}mez},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-92687},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: domain-specific languages, formal specification, context free grammars, virtual museums, virtual learning spaces}
}
Document
Short Paper
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.19
Predicting Performance Problems Through Emotional Analysis (Short Paper)

Authors: Ricardo Martins, José João Almeida, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Paulo Novais

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 62, 7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)

Abstract
In the cartoons, every time a character is nervous he/she begins to count to ten to keep calm. This is a technique, among hundreds, that helps to control the emotional state. However, what would be the impact if the emotions would not be controlled? Are the emotions important in terms of impairing the ability to perform tasks correctly? Using a case study of typing text, this paper is about a process to predict the number of writing errors from a person based on the emotional state and some characteristics of the writing process. Using preprocessing techniques, lexicon-based approaches and machine learning, we achieved a percentage of 80% of correct values, when considering the emotional profile on the writing style.
Cite as

Ricardo Martins, José João Almeida, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Paulo Novais. Predicting Performance Problems Through Emotional Analysis (Short Paper). In 7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 62, pp. 19:1-19:9, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{martins_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2018.19,
  author =	{Martins, Ricardo and Almeida, Jos\'{e} Jo\~{a}o and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Novais, Paulo},
  title =	{{Predicting Performance Problems Through Emotional Analysis}},
  booktitle =	{7th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2018)},
  pages =	{19:1--19:9},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-072-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{62},
  editor =	{Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Leit\~{a}o, Ant\'{o}nio Menezes and Guinovart, Xavier G\'{o}mez},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-92773},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2018.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: emotion analysis, machine learning, natural processing language}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.1
Applying Attribute Grammars to Teach Linguistic Rules

Authors: Patrícia Amorim Barros, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 56, 6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017)

Abstract
An attribute grammar is a very well known formalism to describe computer languages but it can also be successfully used to describe linguistic phenomena. Since natural languages can also be expressed in grammars it is natural to describe rules using the same formalism. Linguistic teachers of the University Complutense of Madrid started using attribute grammars but they lack a tool that helps them to specify linguistic rules in a friendly and natural way. Therefore we propose a domain specific language (NLSdsl) carefully designed for non-programmers that will be implemented on an AnTLR based system.
Cite as

Patrícia Amorim Barros, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Applying Attribute Grammars to Teach Linguistic Rules. In 6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 56, pp. 1:1-1:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{barros_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2017.1,
  author =	{Barros, Patr{\'\i}cia Amorim and Varanda Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Applying Attribute Grammars to Teach Linguistic Rules}},
  booktitle =	{6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:14},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-056-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{56},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Varanda, Maria Jo\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-79376},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Attribute Grammars, DSL, Linguistics}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.14
Visualization of Ontology Evolution using OntoDiffGraph

Authors: André Lara, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Alda Lopes Gançarski

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 56, 6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017)

Abstract
Ontologies evolve with the passing of time due to improvements, corrections or changes in requirements that need to be made. In this paper we describe a thesis work aiming at the creation of a visualization technique with the objective of allowing the viewer to easily identify changes made in an ontology. With the use of a specification based on the already existing Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies (VOWL) it is possible to display the differences that exist between two versions of an ontology. The proposed approach will be implemented in an application, that is also discussed in the paper.
Cite as

André Lara, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Alda Lopes Gançarski. Visualization of Ontology Evolution using OntoDiffGraph. In 6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 56, pp. 14:1-14:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{lara_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2017.14,
  author =	{Lara, Andr\'{e} and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and Gan\c{c}arski, Alda Lopes},
  title =	{{Visualization of Ontology Evolution using OntoDiffGraph}},
  booktitle =	{6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-056-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{56},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Varanda, Maria Jo\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-79480},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: Ontology Evolution, Ontology Visualization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.15
Socii: A Tool to Analyze and Visualize Dynamic Social Networks

Authors: Jorge Daniel Caldas, Alda Lopes Gançarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 56, 6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017)

Abstract
Social media network analysis represents a major challenge for data scientists in every aspect, since the extraction all the way to the visualization. Despite representing a major technological challenge, social media data analysis has an additional motivation, that is the daily usage in every country across the planet, making Online Social Network (OSN) a universal tool for communication, such as radio or TV, but with the technological flavor of the 21st century. In the present article, we propose a system, called Socii, for social networks analysis and visualization, as part of an ongoing work under a master’s dissertation. This system overlaps two main scientific fields, sociology (more concisely social networks) and computer science. Socii aims at helping OSNs users to know and understand social structures through a user friendly interface. The system relies in four main principles, namely simplicity, accessibility, OSNs integration and contextual analysis.
Cite as

Jorge Daniel Caldas, Alda Lopes Gançarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Socii: A Tool to Analyze and Visualize Dynamic Social Networks. In 6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 56, pp. 15:1-15:7, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{caldas_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2017.15,
  author =	{Caldas, Jorge Daniel and Gan\c{c}arski, Alda Lopes and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Socii: A Tool to Analyze and Visualize Dynamic Social Networks}},
  booktitle =	{6th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE 2017)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:7},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-056-9},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{56},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Varanda, Maria Jo\~{a}o},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-79492},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2017.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Social Networks, Online Social Networks, Social Network Analysis, Data Analytics}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.19
Conclave: Writing Programs to Understand Programs

Authors: Nuno Ramos Carvalho, José João Almeida, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 38, 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2014)

Abstract
Software maintainers are often challenged with source code changes to improve software systems, or eliminate defects, in unfamiliar programs. To undertake these tasks a sufficient understanding of the system, or at least a small part of it, is required. One of the most time consuming tasks of this process is locating which parts of the code are responsible for some key functionality or feature. This paper introduces Conclave, an environment for software analysis, that enhances program comprehension activities. Programmers use natural languages to describe and discuss the problem domain, programming languages to write source code, and markup languages to have programs talking with other programs, and so this system has to cope with this heterogeneity of dialects, and provide tools in all these areas to effectively contribute to the understanding process. The source code, the problem domain, and the side effects of running the program are represented in the system using ontologies. A combination of tools (specialized in different kinds of languages) create mappings between the different domains. Conclave provides facilities for feature location, code search, and views of the software that ease the process of understanding the code, devising changes. The underlying feature location technique explores natural language terms used in programs (e.g. function and variable names); using textual analysis and a collection of Natural Language Processing techniques, computes synonymous sets of terms. These sets are used to score relatedness between program elements, and search queries or problem domain concepts, producing sorted ranks of program elements that address the search criteria, or concepts respectively.
Cite as

Nuno Ramos Carvalho, José João Almeida, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Conclave: Writing Programs to Understand Programs. In 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 38, pp. 19-34, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{carvalho_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2014.19,
  author =	{Carvalho, Nuno Ramos and Almeida, Jos\'{e} Jo\~{a}o and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Conclave: Writing Programs to Understand Programs}},
  booktitle =	{3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{19--34},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-68-2},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{38},
  editor =	{Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-45561},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: software maintenance, software evolution, program comprehension, feature location, concept location, natural language processing}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.51
Comment-based Concept Location over System Dependency Graphs

Authors: Nuno Pereira, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 38, 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2014)

Abstract
Software maintenance is one of the most expensive phases of software development and understanding a program is one of the most important tasks of software maintenance. Before making the change to the program, software engineers need to find the location, or locations, where the changes will be made, they need to understand the program. Real applications are huge, sometimes old, were written by other person and it is difficult to find the location of the instructions related to a specific problem domain concept. There are various techniques to find these locations minimizing the time spent, but this stage of software development continues to be one of the most expensive and longer. The concept location is a crucial task for program understanding. This paper presents a project whose main objective is to explore and combine two Program Comprehension techniques: visualization of the system dependency graph and concept location over source code comments. The idea is to merge both features in order to perform concept location in system dependency graphs. More than locate a set of hot instructions (based on the associated comments) it will allow to detect the other instructions (the whole method).
Cite as

Nuno Pereira, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Comment-based Concept Location over System Dependency Graphs. In 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 38, pp. 51-58, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{pereira_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2014.51,
  author =	{Pereira, Nuno and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Comment-based Concept Location over System Dependency Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{51--58},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-68-2},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{38},
  editor =	{Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.51},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-45584},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.51},
  annote =	{Keywords: program comprehension, concept location, comment analysis, system dependency graph}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.85
Converting Ontologies into DSLs

Authors: João M. Sousa Fonseca, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 38, 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2014)

Abstract
This paper presents a project whose main objective is to explore the Ontological-based development of Domain Specific Languages (DSL), more precisely, of their underlying Grammar. After reviewing the basic concepts characterizing Ontologies and Domain-Specific Languages, we introduce a tool, Onto2Gra, that takes profit of the knowledge described by the ontology and automatically generates a grammar for a DSL that allows to discourse about the domain described by that ontology. This approach represents a rigorous method to create, in a secure and effective way, a grammar for a new specialized language restricted to a concrete domain. The usual process of creating a grammar from the scratch is, as every creative action, difficult, slow and error prone; so this proposal is, from a Grammar Engineering point of view, of uttermost importance. After the grammar generation phase, the Grammar Engineer can manipulate it to add syntactic sugar to improve the final language quality or even to add semantic actions. The Onto2Gra project is composed of three engines. The main one is OWL2DSL, the component that converts an OWL ontology into an attribute grammar. The two additional modules are Onto2OWL, converts ontologies written in OntoDL (a light-weight DSL to describe ontologies) into standard OWL, and DDesc2OWL, converts domain instances written in the DSL generated by OWL2DSL into the initial OWL ontology.
Cite as

João M. Sousa Fonseca, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Converting Ontologies into DSLs. In 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 38, pp. 85-92, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{fonseca_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2014.85,
  author =	{Fonseca, Jo\~{a}o M. Sousa and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Converting Ontologies into DSLs}},
  booktitle =	{3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{85--92},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-68-2},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{38},
  editor =	{Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.85},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-45611},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.85},
  annote =	{Keywords: ontology, OWL, RDF, languages, DSL, grammar}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.101
Unfuzzying Fuzzy Parsing

Authors: Pedro Carvalho, Nuno Oliveira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 38, 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2014)

Abstract
Traditional parsing has always been a focus of discussion among the computer science community. Numerous techniques and algorithms have been proposed along these years, but they require that input texts are correct according to a specific grammar. However, in some cases it's necessary to cope with incorrect or unpredicted inputs that raise ambiguities, making traditional parsing unsuitable. These situations led to the emergence of robust parsing theories, where fuzzy parsing gains relevance. Robust parsing comes with a price by losing precision and decaying performance, as multiple parses of the input may be necessary while looking for an optimal one. In this short paper we briefly describe the main robust parsing techniques and end up proposing a different solution to deal with fuzziness of input texts. It is based on automata where states represent contexts and edges represent potential matches (of constructs of interest) inside those contexts. It is expected that such an approach reduces recognition time and ambiguity as contexts reduce the search space by defining a smaller domain for constructs of interest. Such benefits may be a great addition to the robust parsing area with application on program comprehension, among other research fields.
Cite as

Pedro Carvalho, Nuno Oliveira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Unfuzzying Fuzzy Parsing. In 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 38, pp. 101-108, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{carvalho_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2014.101,
  author =	{Carvalho, Pedro and Oliveira, Nuno and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Unfuzzying Fuzzy Parsing}},
  booktitle =	{3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{101--108},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-68-2},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{38},
  editor =	{Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.101},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-45637},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.101},
  annote =	{Keywords: robust parsing, fuzzy parsing, automata}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.143
Plagiarism Detection: A Tool Survey and Comparison

Authors: Vítor T. Martins, Daniela Fonte, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Daniela da Cruz

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 38, 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2014)

Abstract
We illustrate the state of the art in software plagiarism detection tools by comparing their features and testing them against a wide range of source codes. The source codes were edited according to several types of plagiarism to show the tools accuracy at detecting each type. The decision to focus our research on plagiarism of programming languages is two fold: on one hand, it is a challenging case-study since programming languages impose a structured writing style; on the other hand, we are looking for the integration of such a tool in an Automatic-Grading System (AGS) developed to support teachers in the context of Programming courses. Besides the systematic characterisation of the underlying problem domain, the tools were surveyed with the objective of identifying the most successful approach in order to design the aimed plugin for our AGS.
Cite as

Vítor T. Martins, Daniela Fonte, Pedro Rangel Henriques, and Daniela da Cruz. Plagiarism Detection: A Tool Survey and Comparison. In 3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 38, pp. 143-158, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2014)

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@InProceedings{martins_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2014.143,
  author =	{Martins, V{\'\i}tor T. and Fonte, Daniela and Henriques, Pedro Rangel and da Cruz, Daniela},
  title =	{{Plagiarism Detection: A Tool Survey and Comparison}},
  booktitle =	{3rd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{143--158},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-68-2},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2014},
  volume =	{38},
  editor =	{Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.143},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-45667},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2014.143},
  annote =	{Keywords: software, plagiarism, detection, comparison, test}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.21
NESSy: a New Evaluator for Software Development Tools

Authors: Enrique Miranda, Mario Berón, German Montejano, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 29, 2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2013)

Abstract
Select the best tool for developing a system is a complex process. There must be considered several aspects corresponding to the domain where the system is going to run. Generally, the domain characteristics only are comprehended by experts. They know very well which are the main characteristics, how they can be combined and which should not be considered. This knowledge is fundamental to select the most appropriate tool for implementing a system that solves problems or automates processes in a specific domain. For this reason, it is difficult to get a tool that allows to establish a ranking of development tools for a particular case. In this paper, NESSy, a system to evaluate software development tools, is presented. This tool implements a multi-criteria evaluation method named LSP (Logic Scoring of Preference). Furthermore, it presents a user-friendly environment for carrying out the evaluation process. LSP uses a set of structures aimed at describing software development tools with the goal of select the best one for a specific problem. The features previously mentioned make NESSy a relevant application to help the software engineer to select the best tool for solving specific problems related to particular domains.
Cite as

Enrique Miranda, Mario Berón, German Montejano, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. NESSy: a New Evaluator for Software Development Tools. In 2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 29, pp. 21-37, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{miranda_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2013.21,
  author =	{Miranda, Enrique and Ber\'{o}n, Mario and Montejano, German and Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{NESSy: a New Evaluator for Software Development Tools}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{21--37},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-52-1},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{29},
  editor =	{Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Rocha, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-40286},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: Evaluation Method, Elementary Criteria, Aggregation Structure, LSP}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.129
A Flexible Dynamic System for Automatic Grading of Programming Exercises

Authors: Daniela Fonte, Daniela da Cruz, Alda Lopes Gançarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 29, 2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2013)

Abstract
The research on programs capable to automatically grade source code has been a subject of great interest to many researchers. Automatic Grading Systems (AGS) were born to support programming courses and gained popularity due to their ability to assess, evaluate, grade and manage the students' programming exercises, saving teachers from this manual task. This paper discusses semantic analysis techniques, and how they can be applied to improve the validation and assessment process of an AGS. We believe that the more flexible is the results assessment, the more precise is the source code grading, and better feedback is provided (improving the students learning process). In this paper, we introduce a generic model to obtain a more flexible and fair grading process, closer to a manual one. More specifically, an extension of the traditional Dynamic Analysis concept, by performing a comparison of the output produced by a program under assessment with the expected output at a semantic level. To implement our model, we propose a Flexible Dynamic Analyzer, able to perform a semantic-similarity analysis based on our Output Semantic-Similarity Language (OSSL) that, besides specifying the output structure, allows to define how to mark partially correct answers. Our proposal is compliant with the Learning Objects standard.
Cite as

Daniela Fonte, Daniela da Cruz, Alda Lopes Gançarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. A Flexible Dynamic System for Automatic Grading of Programming Exercises. In 2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 29, pp. 129-144, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{fonte_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2013.129,
  author =	{Fonte, Daniela and Cruz, Daniela da and Gan\c{c}arski, Alda Lopes and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{A Flexible Dynamic System for Automatic Grading of Programming Exercises}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{129--144},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-52-1},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{29},
  editor =	{Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Rocha, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.129},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-40343},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.129},
  annote =	{Keywords: Automatic Grading Systems, Domain Specific Languages, DSL, Dynamic Analysis}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.155
Choosing Grammars to Support Language Processing Courses

Authors: Maria João Varanda Pereira, Nuno Oliveira, Daniela da Cruz, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 29, 2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2013)

Abstract
Teaching Language Processing courses is a hard task. The level of abstraction inherent to some of the basic concepts in the area and the technical skills required to implement efficient processors are responsible for the number of students that do not learn the subject and do not succeed to finish the course. In this paper we intend to list the main concepts involved in Language Processing subject, and identify the skills required to learn them. In this context, it is feasible to identify the difficulties that lead students to fail. This enables us to suggest some pragmatic ways to overcome those troubles. We will focus on the grammars suitable to motivate students and help them to learn easily the basic concepts. After identifying the characteristics of such grammars, some examples are presented to make concrete and clear our proposal. The contribution of this paper is the systematic way we approach the process of teaching Language Processing courses towards a successful learning activity.
Cite as

Maria João Varanda Pereira, Nuno Oliveira, Daniela da Cruz, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Choosing Grammars to Support Language Processing Courses. In 2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 29, pp. 155-168, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2013)

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@InProceedings{pereira_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2013.155,
  author =	{Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o Varanda and Oliveira, Nuno and Cruz, Daniela da and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Choosing Grammars to Support Language Processing Courses}},
  booktitle =	{2nd Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{155--168},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-52-1},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2013},
  volume =	{29},
  editor =	{Leal, Jos\'{e} Paulo and Rocha, Ricardo and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.155},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-40369},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2013.155},
  annote =	{Keywords: Teaching Language Processing, Domain Specific Languages, Grammars}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.71
PH-Helper - a Syntax-Directed Editor for Hoshimi Programming Language, HL

Authors: Mariano Luzza, Mario Marcelo Beron, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 21, 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2012)

Abstract
It is well known that students face many difficulties when they have to learn programming. Generally, these difficulties arise from two main reasons: i) the kind of exercises proposed by the teacher, and ii) the programming language used for solving those problems. The first problem is overcome by selecting an interesting application domain for the students. The second problem is tackled by using programming languages specialized for teaching. Nowadays, there are many programming languages aimed at simplifying the learning process. However, many of them still have the same drawbacks of traditional programming languages: the language used to write the statements is different from the programmers' native language; and the syntactic rules impose many tricky restrictions not easy to follow. This paper presents an approach for solving the problems previously mentioned. The approach consists of using: an application domain motivating for the student, the Project Hoshimi (PH); and a programming environment, PH-Helper that is a simple and user-friendly syntax-directed editor and compiler for Hoshimi Language (HL), the actual PH programming language.
Cite as

Mariano Luzza, Mario Marcelo Beron, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. PH-Helper - a Syntax-Directed Editor for Hoshimi Programming Language, HL. In 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 21, pp. 71-89, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2012)

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@InProceedings{luzza_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2012.71,
  author =	{Luzza, Mariano and Beron, Mario Marcelo and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{PH-Helper - a Syntax-Directed Editor for Hoshimi Programming Language, HL}},
  booktitle =	{1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{71--89},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-40-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2012},
  volume =	{21},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and da Cruz, Daniela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.71},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-35153},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.71},
  annote =	{Keywords: Syntax-directed Editors, Visual Programming Enviroments, DSL}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.91
Problem Domain Oriented Approach for Program Comprehension

Authors: Maria João Varanda Pereira, Mario Marcelo Beron, Daniela da Cruz, Nuno Oliveira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 21, 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2012)

Abstract
This paper is concerned with an ontology driven approach for Program Comprehension that starts picking up concepts from the problem domain ontology, analyzing source code and, after locating problem concepts in the code, goes up and links them to the programming language ontology. Different location techniques are used to search for concepts embedded in comments, in the code (identifier names and execution traces), and in string-literals associated with I/O statements. The expected result is a mapping between problem domain concepts and code slices. This mapping can be visualized using graph-based approaches like, for instance, navigation facilities through a System Dependency Graph. The paper also describes a PCTool suite, Quixote, that implements the approach proposed.
Cite as

Maria João Varanda Pereira, Mario Marcelo Beron, Daniela da Cruz, Nuno Oliveira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Problem Domain Oriented Approach for Program Comprehension. In 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 21, pp. 91-105, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2012)

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@InProceedings{varandapereira_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2012.91,
  author =	{Varanda Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o and Beron, Mario Marcelo and da Cruz, Daniela and Oliveira, Nuno and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Problem Domain Oriented Approach for Program Comprehension}},
  booktitle =	{1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{91--105},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-40-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2012},
  volume =	{21},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and da Cruz, Daniela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.91},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-35161},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.91},
  annote =	{Keywords: Program Comprehension, Ontology-based SW development, Problem and Program domain mapping, Code Analysis. Software Visualization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.175
Learning Spaces for Knowledge Generation

Authors: Nuno Oliveira, Maria João Varanda Pereira, Alda Lopes Gancarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 21, 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2012)

Abstract
As the Internet is becoming the main point for information access, Libraries, Museums and similar Institutions are preserving their collections as digital object repositories. In that way, the important information associated with digital objects may be delivered as Internet content over portals equipped with modern interfaces and navigation features. This enables the virtualization of real information exhibition spaces rising new learning paradigms. Geny is a project aiming at defining domain-specific languages and developing tools to generate web-based learning spaces from existent digital object repositories and associated semantic. The motto for Geny is "Generating learning spaces to generate knowledge". Our objective within this project is to use (i) ontologies - one to give semantics to the digital object repository and another to describe the information to exhibit - and (ii) special languages to define the exhibition space, to enable the automatic construction of the learning space supported by a web browser. This paper presents the proposal of the Geny project along with a review of the state of the art concerning learning spaces and their virtualization. Geny is, currently, under appreciation by Fundação para a Ciêencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), the main Portuguese scientific funding institution.
Cite as

Nuno Oliveira, Maria João Varanda Pereira, Alda Lopes Gancarski, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Learning Spaces for Knowledge Generation. In 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 21, pp. 175-184, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2012)

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@InProceedings{oliveira_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2012.175,
  author =	{Oliveira, Nuno and Varanda Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o and Gancarski, Alda Lopes and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Learning Spaces for Knowledge Generation}},
  booktitle =	{1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{175--184},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-40-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2012},
  volume =	{21},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and da Cruz, Daniela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.175},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-35228},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.175},
  annote =	{Keywords: Learning Spaces, Knowledge Acquisition, Digital Object Repositories, Ontology-based semantic Web-pages Generation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.185
Automatic Test Generation for Space

Authors: Ulisses Araújo Costa, Daniela da Cruz, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 21, 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2012)

Abstract
The European Space Agency (ESA) uses an engine to perform tests in the Ground Segment infrastructure, specially the Operational Simulator. This engine uses many different tools to ensure the development of regression testing infrastructure and these tests perform black-box testing to the C++ simulator implementation. VST (VisionSpace Technologies) is one of the companies that provides these services to ESA and they need a tool to infer automatically tests from the existing C++ code, instead of writing manually scripts to perform tests. With this motivation in mind, this paper explores automatic testing approaches and tools in order to propose a system that satisfies VST needs.
Cite as

Ulisses Araújo Costa, Daniela da Cruz, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Automatic Test Generation for Space. In 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 21, pp. 185-203, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2012)

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@InProceedings{costa_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2012.185,
  author =	{Costa, Ulisses Ara\'{u}jo and da Cruz, Daniela and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Automatic Test Generation for Space}},
  booktitle =	{1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{185--203},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-40-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2012},
  volume =	{21},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and da Cruz, Daniela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.185},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-35234},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.185},
  annote =	{Keywords: Automatic Test Generation, UML/OCL, White-box testing, Black-box testing}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.239
Probabilistic SynSet Based Concept Location

Authors: Nuno Ramos Carvalho, José João Almeida, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 21, 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (2012)

Abstract
Concept location is a common task in program comprehension techniques, essential in many approaches used for software care and software evolution. An important goal of this process is to discover a mapping between source code and human oriented concepts. Although programs are written in a strict and formal language, natural language terms and sentences like identifiers (variables or functions names), constant strings or comments, can still be found embedded in programs. Using terminology concepts and natural language processing techniques these terms can be exploited to discover clues about which real world concepts source code is addressing. This work extends symbol tables build by compilers with ontology driven constructs, extends synonym sets defined by linguistics, with automatically created Probabilistic SynSets from software domain parallel corpora. And using a relational algebra, creates semantic bridges between program elements and human oriented concepts, to enhance concept location tasks.
Cite as

Nuno Ramos Carvalho, José João Almeida, Maria João Varanda Pereira, and Pedro Rangel Henriques. Probabilistic SynSet Based Concept Location. In 1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies. Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 21, pp. 239-253, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2012)

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@InProceedings{carvalho_et_al:OASIcs.SLATE.2012.239,
  author =	{Carvalho, Nuno Ramos and Almeida, Jos\'{e} Jo\~{a}o and Varanda Pereira, Maria Jo\~{a}o and Henriques, Pedro Rangel},
  title =	{{Probabilistic SynSet Based Concept Location}},
  booktitle =	{1st Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies},
  pages =	{239--253},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-40-8},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2012},
  volume =	{21},
  editor =	{Sim\~{o}es, Alberto and Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and da Cruz, Daniela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.239},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-35267},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.SLATE.2012.239},
  annote =	{Keywords: program comprehension, program visualization, concept location, code inspection, synonym sets, probabilistic synonym sets, translation dictionary}
}

Henriques, Pedro R.

Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.15
Learning Resources with Augmented Reality

Authors: Lázaro V. O. Lima, Cristiana Araújo, Luis Gonzaga Magalhães, and Pedro R. Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 81, First International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2020)

Abstract
Preparing teachers and students for a connected and programmed world depends on how we develop and reinvent teaching tools. The society has realized and is absorbing Computational Thinking and its related skills. The pragmatics shows that a person only acquires a new way of thinking or a new way of behaving if he is trained with the appropriate devices. Computational Thinking should be training from an early age to acquire important skills; in that way, the interpretation and design of algorithms/programs will become much easier. However, the development of Computational Thinking requires the creation and use of appropriate Learning Resources (LR). We will discuss how an ontology can be used to specify what is involved in Computer Programming and how these concepts and Computational Thinking concepts are related. We believe that this formal description will guide the choice of convenient LR. In that context, we intend to investigate the impact of Augmented Reality on them. After presenting the ontological approach, the paper will focus on the process of shaping Computational Thinking through Augmented Reality. We aim at creating AR-based LR prototypes to validate the idea we present here. We are convinced that an attractive way to improve fundamental skills is necessary to practice and use these tools with young students, but LRs must be attractive, motivating and effective.
Cite as

Lázaro V. O. Lima, Cristiana Araújo, Luis Gonzaga Magalhães, and Pedro R. Henriques. Learning Resources with Augmented Reality. In First International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 81, pp. 15:1-15:8, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{lima_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.15,
  author =	{Lima, L\'{a}zaro V. O. and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Magalh\~{a}es, Luis Gonzaga and Henriques, Pedro R.},
  title =	{{Learning Resources with Augmented Reality}},
  booktitle =	{First International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2020)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:8},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-153-5},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{81},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Portela, Filipe and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-123028},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computational Thinking, Learning Resource, Augmented Reality, Teacher Support Tools}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.27
Improving Game-Based Learning Experience Through Game Appropriation

Authors: Salete Teixeira, Diana Barbosa, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro R. Henriques

Published in: OASIcs, Volume 81, First International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2020)

Abstract
Computational Thinking is an essential concept in this technological age. Several countries have included this subject as part of their educational program, and many others intend to do it. However, this is not a regular subject like maths or history; it needs more training (to increase the capabilities/skills) than studying and memorizing concepts. So it comes clear that the introduction of Computational Thinking to students requires the choice of the most suitable learning resources. Game-Based Learning was proven to be an effective teaching method. Therefore, we elected games as our learning resources. Nonetheless, we believe that the learning experience and motivation of students when playing games can be improved by choosing the most suitable game for each student. So, this paper focuses on the adaptation of Game-Based Learning to each student to develop Computational Thinking. We will argue that this adaptation can be done in a computer supported systematic way. To make that possible, on one hand, it will be necessary to classify games - an original ontology was used for that. On the other hand, it is crucial to establish the students' profile, having into consideration sociodemographic factors, personality, level of education, among others. Then, resorting to a similarity evaluation process it is feasible to choose the games that best fit the players, augmenting the effectiveness of the learning experience. We intend to start applying our approach - training Computational Thinking - to young students, since the first scholar years. However, we are also considering its application to adults starting programming studies.
Cite as

Salete Teixeira, Diana Barbosa, Cristiana Araújo, and Pedro R. Henriques. Improving Game-Based Learning Experience Through Game Appropriation. In First International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2020). Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs), Volume 81, pp. 27:1-27:10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{teixeira_et_al:OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.27,
  author =	{Teixeira, Salete and Barbosa, Diana and Ara\'{u}jo, Cristiana and Henriques, Pedro R.},
  title =	{{Improving Game-Based Learning Experience Through Game Appropriation}},
  booktitle =	{First International Computer Programming Education Conference (ICPEC 2020)},
  pages =	{27:1--27:10},
  series =	{Open Access Series in Informatics (OASIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-153-5},
  ISSN =	{2190-6807},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{81},
  editor =	{Queir\'{o}s, Ricardo and Portela, Filipe and Pinto, M\'{a}rio and Sim\~{o}es, Alberto},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.27},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-123144},
  doi =		{10.4230/OASIcs.ICPEC.2020.27},
  annote =	{Keywords: Computational Thinking, Computing Education, Game-Based Learning, Game Types, Ontology, Student Profile, Adult Learning}
}
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